Yes, Qwant uses bing api(like ddg).
Yes, Qwant uses bing api(like ddg).
To tell the truth, only yacy and sightnet have own index(database). Others are meta-search engines. They work like proxy. It’s called meta search. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasearch_engine)
So, ddg and brave also have own indices. But i dont think, that it is matter, anyway they send data to 3rd party services.